Category Archives: Reviews

THE NEW YORK TIMES MAGAZINE – JULY 20, 2025

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THE NEW YORK TIMES MAGAZINE: The 7.20.25 Issue features Jeneen Interlandi on how Robert F. Kennedy Jr. is dismantling the F.D.A.; Anna Peele profiles Ari Aster, the director behind some of the 21st century’s most unsettling films; Devin Gordon on Mazi VS, a sports betting influencer who may not be what he seems; David Marchese interviews Mandy Patinkin and Kathryn Grody; and more.

Ari Aster, Hollywood’s Master of Dread, Is Afraid of Everything

He Claims He’s the ‘Sports Betting King.’ What Are the Odds?

Mazi VS has become a major influencer by flaunting his expensive lifestyle and his big-winning wagers. Other gamblers say he can’t be what he seems. By Devin Gordon

What My Bitcoin-Obsessed, Nudes-Chasing Hacker Taught Me About Friendship

When my Instagram account was compromised, I didn’t know what to do. Luckily, others did. By Just Lunning

Everyone’s Obsessed With True Crime. Even Prisoners Like Me.

As the genre has boomed on cable, the incarcerated have found themselves watching more and more of it. By John J. Lennon

Read this issue

“The Sports Betting Myth” And Modern Masculinity

In today’s sports betting universe—where billion-dollar algorithms collide with basement-level psychology—risk has become religion. It is a seductive theater of dopamine and data, and nowhere is that spectacle more vividly embodied than in the persona of Mazi VS. Profiled in The New York Times Magazine in July 2025, Mazi—allegedly named Darnell Smith—didn’t just place bets. He curated a mythology: diamond chains, exotic cars, ten-leg parlays worth tens of thousands. The “Sports Betting King” wasn’t selling picks; he was selling the illusion of a reclaimed life.

The Gambler as Influencer

But behind his designer façade lies a bigger story—one that exposes a nation of young men, displaced and disillusioned, grasping for control in an economy built not on probabilities, but on personas.

Mazi’s rise wasn’t just a fluke—it was the inevitable lovechild of two American obsessions: celebrity and gambling. Since the repeal of the Professional and Amateur Sports Protection Act (PASPA) in 2018, sports gambling has gone mainstream, now legal in 39 jurisdictions and growing faster than almost any entertainment sector. The American Gaming Association reported $149.9 billion wagered in 2024 alone.

In this new order, Mazi emerged as an archetype: part digital shaman, part Vegas prophet. His Instagram feed reads like a declaration of invincibility. For his 2.5 million followers, it isn’t about win-loss records—it’s about belonging to something exclusive. He doesn’t promise financial success; he promises masculine resurrection.

As influencer and actuarial bettor Ryan Noel observed, Mazi doesn’t just sell picks—he sells a coded fantasy of dominance, control, and unshakable self-belief. And for countless young men, that fantasy is not just appealing—it’s life-preserving.

The Illusion of Expertise

Welcome to the tout economy, where gambling influencers promise the moon and never post the losses. Mazi’s claim of a 70% win rate would be statistically Herculean. Even elite professional handicappers hover around 55%—and they grind, quietly and obsessively, like actuaries of human folly.

Industry watchdogs, including the American Gaming Association, have flagged the lack of accountability among pick-sellers. A 2024 ethics report recommended mandatory transparency: clear disclosures, performance tracking, and consumer protections. But few touts comply. The image is what sells, and in the influencer age, curated wins matter more than actual truth.

Amanda Vance stands as one rare exception. A female capper with over half a million followers, she posts her losses with unflinching honesty. But as she knows all too well, in a marketplace addicted to illusion, transparency remains an anomaly.

The Parlay Trap

If Mazi is the avatar of sports betting glamor, then the parlay bet is its beating heart. Multi-leg wagers with slim chances and massive payouts are engineered to elicit fantasy. And for young men aching for impact, they do.

Parlay betting now accounts for 30% of wagers, up from 17% in 2018. They’re fun, fast, and nearly impossible to win. Keith Whyte, executive director of the National Council on Problem Gambling (NCPG), warns that parlays and live betting formats trigger sharper dopamine spikes—creating cycles of compulsive behavior particularly prevalent among Gen Z men.

A 2025 study from the University of Chicago found that parlay and live betting formats elicit greater emotional volatility, impulsivity, and perceived entertainment value among males aged 21–25. These formats aren’t just risky—they’re addictive by design.

In 2023, Credit Karma reported that 28% of Gen Z male bettors had borrowed money to continue gambling. Parlay bets were most frequently cited in rising credit card debt and emergency loan requests. These aren’t merely wagers—they’re escape hatches.

The Displaced Male Psyche

Scratch the surface of America’s sports betting boom and you find something deeper: the cultural disorientation of young men.

Richard Reeves, in his landmark book Of Boys and Men, describes a generation slipping behind—educationally, emotionally, economically. Women now earn nearly 60% of college degrees. Male labor force participation is in long-term decline. Suicide is the leading cause of death among men under 35. The rise of single-parent households, now at 37%, has only sharpened the collapse. Boys raised without fathers are statistically more vulnerable to unemployment, addiction, and incarceration.

Professor Scott Galloway has sounded the alarm with characteristic bluntness: “No cohort has fallen further faster than young men.” He warns that this crisis isn’t just economic—it’s existential. Young men are four times more likely to die by suicide, three times more likely to suffer from addiction, and twelve times more likely to be incarcerated than their female peers.

Disconnection from purpose and diminished status leave many seeking alternate arenas for validation. In this context, sports betting offers a dangerous placebo. It promises status, autonomy, adrenaline—a sense of winning, even when there’s nothing left to win.

This displacement is increasingly visible in online male subcultures, where sports betting sits beside crypto trading and influencer hustle culture. Each promises mastery and escape; each delivers volatility and entrapment. Betting is not simply entertainment—it is becoming ritualized identity construction, especially among those who feel culturally erased.

The Gamification of Risk

The machinery that fuels Mazi’s illusion is not just psychological—it’s technological. Betting apps have evolved into hyper-engineered interfaces designed to mimic the addictiveness of social media platforms. Real-time odds boosts, push notifications, in-game betting prompts. Everything is frictionless.

The Mintel US Sports Betting Market Report confirms that young men dominate this ecosystem, preferring mobile-first, real-time formats tailored to keep them engaged—and spending. The North Carolina Journal of Law & Technology calls it “engineered addiction,” comparing betting apps to TikTok in their manipulation of attention, emotion, and behavior.

In this marketplace, boredom is monetized. Depression is gamified. And vulnerability is no longer a liability—it’s a business model.

Recent FTC consumer behavior surveys note that behavioral nudges in betting apps mimic the same reward reinforcement loops used in slot machines. Losses are reframed as near-wins. Personalized promotions respond to user emotion, time of day, and prior loss streaks.

Galloway warns that “sports betting is a dopamine IV drip for young men who are already in deficit.” He argues that constant stimulation rewires the brain’s reward system, making real-world achievement feel slow, unrewarding, and irrelevant.

When the Slip Comes Due

The financial cost is staggering. The Credit Karma Gambling and Debt Report revealed that in states with legalized online betting, personal loan applications surged 27% within three years. Men aged 18–34 in low-income ZIP codes saw the sharpest declines in credit scores.

Meanwhile, most states invest little in recovery. An Urban Institute study found that over 80% of states spend less than $1 million annually on gambling addiction treatment—while collecting hundreds of millions in sportsbook taxes.

Some researchers have begun to describe this model as a “reverse welfare state,” where public revenue is extracted disproportionately from vulnerable populations without equitable reinvestment in care.

By 2030, the U.S. sports betting industry is projected to reach $187 billion, according to Grand View Research. But at what cost? As one analyst put it, “This isn’t gambling anymore. It’s commercialized chaos.”

Masculinity, Myth, and Market Collapse

Mazi VS doesn’t just sell picks—he sells reclamation. His persona weaponizes a narrative that many young men crave: that masculinity is a game, and he knows how to win.

This is part of a broader digital drift. From crypto evangelists to motivational “grindset” YouTubers, the internet offers a smorgasbord of male-centered identities steeped in risk, bravado, and defiance. The American College Health Association warns that men are disproportionately less likely to seek mental health support, often citing stigma and alienation. For many, the betting slip feels more empowering than therapy.

It’s a dangerous illusion. And Mazi—whether by design or accident—became its prophet.

He is also not alone. Dozens of similar figures—less flamboyant but equally influential—sell picks, promise systems, and curate opulence. They represent a growing cottage industry of digital masculinity coaches masquerading as analysts.

Galloway has called for a cultural reckoning: “The single point of failure when a young boy comes off the tracks is when he loses a male role model. If we want better men, we need to be better men.”

The Collapse

When Devin Gordon pressed Mazi on his records, earnings, and clientele, he deflected. Shortly after, he vanished. In May 2025, law enforcement arrested a man named Darnell Smith—allegedly Mazi VS—on 14 felony counts of identity fraud.

One of his so-called clients admitted he’d never purchased a pick.

But Mazi’s potential fraud isn’t the most chilling part of this story. It’s the market that allowed him to flourish—a system where opacity is profitable, fantasy is monetized, and oversight is nonexistent.

The UNLV Gaming Law Journal has called for urgent federal reforms: mandatory registration for touts, independent performance audits, and enforcement mechanisms for deceptive practices. These calls echo growing bipartisan concern in Congress, where legislation to classify tout services under federal consumer protection statutes has gained momentum. Without such safeguards, illusion remains a legal product.

The Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC), meanwhile, is debating whether prediction markets like KalshiEX should be classified as gambling—creating further uncertainty in an already chaotic field. Without coherent federal guidance, patchwork laws leave consumers exposed and platforms unchallenged. The most dangerous figures aren’t illegal—they’re just unregulated.

Betting on Broken Promises

Mazi VS was never just a gambler—he was a mirror. In him, men saw not only the collapse of regulation, but the collapse of meaning. His story is a parable, not of deception, but of demand. Young men didn’t fall for his curated success because they were naïve. They fell for it because they were starving—starving for role models, for certainty, for something that looked like victory.

This is the true machinery of sports betting: not algorithms or apps, but psychology. The reels spin inside the minds of those sidelined by institutions and sold dreams in downloadable formats. And the industry, from Mazi’s Instagram feed to billion-dollar betting platforms, has capitalized on that hunger.

Professor Scott Galloway puts it starkly: “Young men have become the most dangerous cohort in America—not because they’re violent, but because they’re untethered.” And when a generation becomes untethered, spectacle becomes sanctuary. Even when that sanctuary is rigged.

The Mirage Economy thrives on that detachment. It isn’t just betting—it’s bargaining. A silent negotiation between ego and emptiness. Mazi VS wasn’t merely offering picks. He was offering men permission—to believe, to belong, to matter.

But belief built on illusion always collapses. The real wager isn’t whether Mazi’s slips were fake. It’s whether our institutions, our culture, and our conscience will keep allowing systems like his to flourish unchecked.

Because when identity becomes currency and masculinity becomes a marketing strategy, the house doesn’t just win.

It collects what’s left.

THIS ESSAY WAS WRITTEN AND EDITED UTILIZING AI

THE ECONOMIST MAGAZINE – JULY 19, 2025 PREVIEW

THE ECONOMIST MAGAZINE: The latest issue features ‘Winning the war on cancer’…

The world is winning the war on cancer

Progress has been remarkable. Death rates are down substantially, and are likely to fall further

Trump’s U-turn on Russia is utterly cynical—and welcome

His pivot on supplying arms could help Ukraine

To survive the AI age, the web needs a new business model

Artificial intelligence has undermined the internet’s central bargain

HARPER’S MAGAZINE – AUGUST 2025 PREVIEW

HARPER’S MAGAZINE: The latest issue features ‘Playing Dead Or Really Dead?’ – The Democrats’ Disappearing Act…

Playing Dead

Do the Democrats really want reform? by Andrew Cockburn

Your Face Tomorrow

The puzzle of AI facial recognition by Michael W. Clune

Debt Reckoning

Has the Treasury market started to crack? by Mary Childs

TIMES LITERARY SUPPLEMENT – JULY 18, 2025 PREVIEW

TIMES LITERARY SUPPLEMENT: The latest issue features Definitions of national security are elastic. After the Battle of Waterloo, the Duke of Wellington judged that the defence of the British homeland rested on two pillars – a strong Royal Navy and a European order “that kept Belgium beyond French control”.

Deep State vs Donald Trump

How accountable are US intelligence agencies to the president and Congress? By Richard Norton-Taylor

A stranger in his own land

Henry James’s return to the United States By Alicia Rix

The Invisible Shell

New light on ‘Captain’ Warner’s weapon of mass destruction By Trevor Pateman

Magical mutability

A poet for yesterday and today By Emma Greensmith

Review: AI, Apathy, and the Arsenal of Democracy

Dexter Filkins is a Pulitzer Prize-winning American journalist and author, known for his extensive reporting on the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq. He is currently a staff writer for The New Yorker and the author of the book “The Forever War“, which chronicles his experiences reporting from these conflict zones. 

Is the United States truly ready for the seismic shift in modern warfare—a transformation that The New Yorker‘s veteran war correspondent describes not as evolution but as rupture? In “Is the U.S. Ready for the Next War?” (July 14, 2025), Dexter Filkins captures this tectonic realignment through a mosaic of battlefield reportage, strategic insight, and ethical reflection. His central thesis is both urgent and unsettling: that America, long mythologized for its martial supremacy, is culturally and institutionally unprepared for the emerging realities of war. The enemy is no longer just a rival state but also time itself—conflict is being rewritten in code, and the old machines can no longer keep pace.

The piece opens with a gripping image: a Ukrainian drone factory producing a thousand airborne machines daily, each costing just $500. Improvised, nimble, and devastating, these drones have inflicted disproportionate damage on Russian forces. Their success signals a paradigm shift—conflict has moved from regiments to swarms, from steel to software. Yet the deeper concern is not merely technological; it is cultural. The article is less a call to arms than a call to reimagine. Victory in future wars, it suggests, will depend not on weaponry alone, but on judgment, agility, and a conscience fit for the digital age.

Speed and Fragmentation: The Collision of Cultures

At the heart of the analysis lies a confrontation between two worldviews. On one side stands Silicon Valley—fast, improvisational, and software-driven. On the other: the Pentagon—layered, cautious, and locked in Cold War-era processes. One of the central figures is Palmer Luckey, the founder of the defense tech company Anduril, depicted as a symbol of insurgent innovation. Once a video game prodigy, he now leads teams designing autonomous weapons that can be manufactured as quickly as IKEA furniture and deployed without extensive oversight. His world thrives on rapid iteration, where warfare is treated like code—modular, scalable, and adaptive.

This approach clashes with the military’s entrenched bureaucracy. Procurement cycles stretch for years. Communication between service branches remains fractured. Even American ships and planes often operate on incompatible systems. A war simulation over Taiwan underscores this dysfunction: satellites failed to coordinate with aircraft, naval assets couldn’t link with space-based systems, and U.S. forces were paralyzed by their own institutional fragmentation. The problem wasn’t technology—it was organization.

What emerges is a portrait of a defense apparatus unable to act as a coherent whole. The fragmentation stems from a structure built for another era—one that now privileges process over flexibility. In contrast, adversaries operate with fluidity, leveraging technological agility as a force multiplier. Slowness, once a symptom of deliberation, has become a strategic liability.

The tension explored here is more than operational; it is civilizational. Can a democratic state tolerate the speed and autonomy now required in combat? Can institutions built for deliberation respond in milliseconds? These are not just questions of infrastructure, but of governance and identity. In the coming conflicts, latency may be lethal, and fragmentation fatal.

Imagination Under Pressure: Lessons from History

To frame the stakes, the essay draws on powerful historical precedents. Technological transformation has always arisen from moments of existential pressure: Prussia’s use of railways to reimagine logistics, the Gulf War’s precision missiles, and, most profoundly, the Manhattan Project. These were not the products of administrative order but of chaotic urgency, unleashed imagination, and institutional risk-taking.

During the Manhattan Project, multiple experimental paths were pursued simultaneously, protocols were bent, and innovation surged from competition. Today, however, America’s defense culture has shifted toward procedural conservatism. Risk is minimized; innovation is formalized. Bureaucracy may protect against error, but it also stifles the volatility that made American defense dynamic in the past.

This critique extends beyond the military. A broader cultural stagnation is implied: a nation that fears disruption more than defeat. If imagination is outsourced to private startups—entities beyond the reach of democratic accountability—strategic coherence may erode. Tactical agility cannot compensate for an atrophied civic center. The essay doesn’t argue for scrapping government institutions, but for reigniting their creative core. Defense must not only be efficient; it must be intellectually alive.

Machines, Morality, and the Shrinking Space for Judgment

Perhaps the most haunting dimension of the essay lies in its treatment of ethics. As autonomous systems proliferate—from loitering drones to AI-driven targeting software—the space for human judgment begins to vanish. Some militaries, like Israel’s, still preserve a “human-in-the-loop” model where a person retains final authority. But this safeguard is fragile. The march toward autonomy is relentless.

The implications are grave. When decisions to kill are handed to algorithms trained on probability and sensor data, who bears responsibility? Engineers? Programmers? Military officers? The author references DeepMind’s Demis Hassabis, who warns of the ease with which powerful systems can be repurposed for malign ends. Yet the more chilling possibility is not malevolence, but moral atrophy: a world where judgment is no longer expected or practiced.

Combat, if rendered frictionless and remote, may also become civically invisible. Democratic oversight depends on consequence—and when warfare is managed through silent systems and distant screens, that consequence becomes harder to feel. A nation that no longer confronts the human cost of its defense decisions risks sliding into apathy. Autonomy may bring tactical superiority, but also ethical drift.

Throughout, the article avoids hysteria, opting instead for measured reflection. Its central moral question is timeless: Can conscience survive velocity? In wars of machines, will there still be room for the deliberation that defines democratic life?

The Republic in the Mirror: A Final Reflection

The closing argument is not tactical, but philosophical. Readiness, the essay insists, must be measured not just by stockpiles or software, but by the moral posture of a society—its ability to govern the tools it creates. Military power divorced from democratic deliberation is not strength, but fragility. Supremacy must be earned anew, through foresight, imagination, and accountability.

The challenge ahead is not just to match adversaries in drones or data, but to uphold the principles that give those tools meaning. Institutions must be built to respond, but also to reflect. Weapons must be precise—but judgment must be present. The republic’s defense must operate at the speed of code while staying rooted in the values of a self-governing people.

The author leaves us with a final provocation: The future will not wait for consensus—but neither can it be left to systems that have forgotten how to ask questions. In this, his work becomes less a study in strategy than a meditation on civic responsibility. The real arsenal is not material—it is ethical. And readiness begins not in the factories of drones, but in the minds that decide when and why to use them.

THIS ESSAY REVIEW WAS WRITTEN BY AI AND EDITED BY INTELLICUREAN.

THE NEW YORKER MAGAZINE – JULY 21, 2025 PREVIEW

The cover of the July 21 2025 issue of The New Yorker in which an anthropomorphic sun fries a city on a stove.

THE NEW YORKER MAGAZINE: The latest issue cover features Joost Swarte’s “Sunny-Side Up” – The city fries.

Flash Floods and Climate Policy

As the death toll climbs in Texas, the Trump Administration is actively undermining the nation’s ability to predict—and to deal with—climate-related disasters. By Elizabeth Kolbert

Is the U.S. Ready for the Next War?

With global conflicts increasingly shaped by drones and A.I., the American military risks losing its dominance. By Dexter Filkins

A.I. Is About to Solve Loneliness. That’s a Problem

The discomfort of loneliness shapes us in ways we don’t recognize—and we may not like what we become without it. By Paul Bloom

Birthright, Borders, And The U.S. Constitution

In the July 11, 2025 episode of Bloomberg Law’s Weekend Law podcast, the spotlight turned to the Supreme Court and one of the most urgent constitutional questions of the present era: can the federal government deny citizenship to children born in the United States based solely on their parents’ immigration status?

At the center of the discussion was a new executive order issued by the Trump administration. The order aims to withhold automatic citizenship from children born to undocumented immigrants. In response, a federal judge in New Hampshire has not only issued a temporary nationwide block on the order but also certified a class-action lawsuit that could have sweeping implications.

This development, as legal analyst and former DOJ official Leon Fresco explained, is not merely procedural—it is strategic. The case, still in its early stages, may force the Supreme Court to revisit the meaning of the Fourteenth Amendment’s Citizenship Clause.


Legal Strategy: Class Action as Constitutional Tool

Fresco’s key insight concerned how litigants are adapting to recent changes in judicial thinking. After the Supreme Court expressed skepticism toward broad nationwide injunctions, many believed such tools were effectively dead. But Fresco pointed out that class-action certification remains a viable, and perhaps more precise, alternative.

The New Hampshire judge’s ruling created a nationwide class of plaintiffs: all children born on or after February 20, 2025, to parents who are either unlawfully present or not U.S. citizens or lawful permanent residents. The judge carefully excluded parents from the class, narrowing the focus to the children’s citizenship claims. This move strengthens the class’s legal position, emphasizing a uniform constitutional harm.

Fresco characterized this approach as both narrow in structure and expansive in effect. By building the case around a specific constitutional injury—the denial of citizenship by birth—the lawsuit avoids the kinds of inconsistencies that often weaken broader claims.


The Constitutional Question: What Does “Jurisdiction” Mean?

At the heart of the dispute lies the interpretation of the Citizenship Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment: “All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States.”

For over a century, the courts have understood this to include virtually everyone born on U.S. soil, with only narrow exceptions. The Trump administration’s order proposes a reinterpretation—arguing that undocumented immigrants and their children are not “subject to the jurisdiction” of the United States in the full constitutional sense.

This argument is novel, but not entirely new. Versions of it have circulated in fringe legal circles for years. What is new is the attempt to enforce this interpretation through executive power. If allowed to stand, it would mark a major departure from long-established constitutional norms.


Tactical Delay: The Risk of a Judicial “Stay”

Fresco raised a more immediate concern: that the Supreme Court may avoid ruling on the merits of the case altogether—at least for now. The Court, he warned, might grant a temporary stay that would allow the executive order to take effect while the lawsuit works its way through the lower courts.

This would mirror a pattern seen in other immigration cases, such as those involving Temporary Protected Status and humanitarian parole, where short procedural rulings allowed sweeping policy shifts without a full constitutional review.

The danger of such a stay is not theoretical. If the executive order goes into effect, children born under it would enter legal limbo. Denied citizenship, they would lack basic documents and protections. Challenging their status later could take years—possibly decades. In this way, even a temporary policy can create permanent consequences.


The Role of the Court: Principle or Procedure?

A central theme of the podcast segment was the evolving role of the judiciary in overseeing executive actions. Fresco questioned how the Court could reject a class-action lawsuit like this one without also undermining the logic that allows nationwide relief in other types of cases—such as defective products that cause uniform harm across the country.

If the courts are willing to permit class certification for consumer safety, why would they deny it in a case concerning citizenship—a matter of constitutional identity?

Fresco’s analogy was sharp: the law allows national class actions over faulty cribs or pharmaceuticals; why not over a birthright denied?

His point revealed the tension between procedural restraint and constitutional responsibility. If the Court is serious about limiting nationwide injunctions, it must offer a consistent, principled rationale for where it draws the line.


The Political Climate: Avoidance Through Silence

Toward the end of the discussion, Fresco referenced former Attorney General Alberto Gonzalez, who has speculated that the Supreme Court may simply lack the votes to strike down the executive order directly. That possibility may explain the Court’s hesitancy to take up the issue.

Justice Neil Gorsuch’s past remarks—asking how the Court might “get to the merits fast”—suggest at least some justices recognize the urgency. But urgency does not always lead to clarity. If the Court allows the order to take effect temporarily, and then delays review, it could set in motion changes that are difficult to reverse.

In effect, the Court would be allowing the executive branch to reshape constitutional practice through interim decisions. That prospect, Fresco warned, is not only legally unstable but socially volatile.


The Stakes: Citizenship as Constitutional Reality

Ultimately, what this case asks is not only a legal question but a civic one: Is citizenship a stable constitutional right, or can it be redefined by policy?

The class-action strategy now moving through the courts offers one possible defense: a method of forcing judicial engagement by focusing on clear constitutional harm and avoiding broad, unwieldy claims. It is, in Fresco’s words, an effort to meet the Court on its own procedural terms.

Yet the deeper conflict remains. The very idea of birthright citizenship—once considered legally untouchable—is now on trial. Whether the courts decide quickly or delay, the consequences will be lasting.


Conclusion: The Constitution on the Line

The Bloomberg Law discussion offered more than a legal update. It revealed how quickly constitutional assumptions can be unsettled—and how creative legal strategies are now being used to hold the line.

The New Hampshire ruling, and the class it created, represent a new phase in this fight. Narrow in scope but vast in significance, the lawsuit calls on the judiciary to answer directly: Is a child born on U.S. soil a citizen, or not?

In that answer lies the future of constitutional meaning—and the measure of whether the law remains anchored to principle, or drifts with the political tide.

THIS ESSAY AND REVIEW WAS WRITTEN BY AI AND EDITED BY INTELLICUREAN

Essay: The Imperative of Art in Dark Times

The following essay was written by AI and edited by Intellicurean:

One often hears that art is a refuge from the storm, a quaint hermitage for the sensitive soul. But when the storm is a veritable tempest of tyranny, what then? Must beauty shrink to a whispered metaphor, or can it, with a flourish, confront the grotesque, form itself a weapon, and memory its shield?

Peter Weiss, the German-Swedish playwright and novelist, perhaps best known for his provocative Marat/Sade, offers an unflinching answer in his masterwork, The Aesthetics of Resistance. This three-volume novel—published between 1975 and 1981, and only recently fully translated into English by Joel Scott for Verso Books—presents not merely a chronicle of Europe’s descent into fascism, but an audacious theory of survival, contemplation, and rebellion through the very act of art.

In a perceptive recent essay for Liberties Journal, Jared Marcel Pollen explores the novel’s radical scope, elegantly correcting a common misattribution of a pivotal political aphorism. Not Lenin, but Maxim Gorky, Pollen reveals, claimed that “aesthetics was [his] ethics—the ethics of the future.” More than a mere historical footnote, this elegantly salvaged reversal encapsulates the novel’s very governing spirit: that beauty, far from being a retreat from political crisis, is its very precondition for meaning, that art does not merely ornament truth, but, with a surgical precision, it excavates it.

A Chronicle of Darkness and Light

The Aesthetics of Resistance unfolds in the shadow of Europe’s unraveling, commencing in 1937, as Hitler consolidates power and Stalin’s purges silence dissent. The narrative spans the years up to 1942—a period that Hannah Arendt once called “midnight in the century.” But unlike conventional historical fiction, Weiss offers no linear tale of protagonists moving toward neat resolution. Instead, he crafts a philosophical Hades-wanderung—a relentless descent through betrayal, failed revolutions, ideological fracture, and the wreckage of cultural inheritance.

The text itself resists easy consumption. Its dense, paragraphless pages—walls of syntax without clear beginning or end—mirror the labyrinthine realities its characters inhabit. In an interview with The New York Times, translator Joel Scott remarked that reading Weiss is like “being submerged in consciousness,” and likened the novel’s structure to a frieze: a continuous mural of intellect, grief, and memory. This relentless, frieze-like form compels the reader to engage with history not as a series of discrete events, but as an overwhelming, cumulative force, a continuous present of trauma and resistance. The novel is as much a meditation on how we perceive history as it is on history itself.

Learning as Rebellion: The Proletarian Bildungsroman

At its core, The Aesthetics of Resistance is a Bildungsroman—a novel of education and formation. But it defiantly eschews the genre’s traditional bourgeois framework. This is no Goethe’s Wilhelm Meister or Joyce’s Stephen Dedalus spiraling through self-inquiry in cloistered academic halls. Weiss’s narrator—working-class, gentile, unnamed—does not wander through elite libraries or university quads. Instead, he and his comrades read Dante, study Greek sculpture, and debate Marxist theory in factory basements and kitchens, under constant threat of arrest or worse.

This autodidacticism—the practice of self-teaching—is not a mere supplement to formal education but a radical replacement. The narrator declares early on: “Our most important goal was to conquer an education… by using any means, cunning and strength of mind.” Their knowledge is not earned; it is stolen—like Promethean fire—from the guarded sanctums of official culture. This echoes Friedrich Schiller’s view in On the Aesthetic Education of Man (1795) that beauty cultivates moral freedom, acting as a safeguard against the dehumanizing mechanisms of state power. Indeed, in a totalitarian state that mutilates truth and simplifies human experience, the very act of preserving intellectual complexity – a core tenet of Weiss’s autodidacts – becomes, as Susan Sontag argued in “On Style,” an ethical stance in itself, an insistence on the primacy of certain values. In Weiss’s hands, this ethic becomes urgently, tragically manifest.

Art at the Crossroads: Form, Violence, and Hope

The profound question that animates Weiss’s project is not simply how to survive violence, but how to perceive it. What happens to art, to the very faculty of perception, when the world collapses into brutality? One compelling answer emerges in the novel’s early scene at the Pergamon Altar, a Hellenistic frieze of the Gigantomachy—a mythic war between gods and giants—housed in Berlin’s museum. As Nazi banners flutter outside, the young resisters look upon this magnificent fragment of antiquity and see not quaint myth, but relentless struggle. They interpret the contorted figures as symbols of class war, reclaiming the altar from its imminent fascist cooptation.

This interpretive act—the deliberate reading “against the grain”—is both aesthetic and political, a defiant reconstitution of meaning. It echoes Walter Benjamin’s chilling thesis that “there is no document of civilization that is not at the same time a document of barbarism.” Indeed, as Pollen writes with chilling precision, the Nazis, in their grotesque appropriation of classical forms, hollowed them into “plaster emptiness.” Weiss’s characters do the opposite: they revive these ancient forms by placing them in urgent dialogue with their own suffering, thus universalizing the struggle against domination, making the “mass of stone” a value “belonging to anyone who steps in front of it.”

The novel closes with a powerful meditation on Picasso’s Guernica, his monumental canvas depicting the bombing of the Basque town in 1937. The painting, the narrator insists, does not merely show war—it registers “an assault on the ability to express things.” Guernica marks a new kind of aesthetic task: not only must art represent horror, it must endure it. The painting outlasts its own referent, becoming what philosopher Elaine Scarry once called “a durable object,” an artifact that shelters memory and meaning long after political systems fall and the bombs cease to drop. In Alfonso Cuarón’s bleakly prescient dystopian film Children of Men (2006), Guernica appears, almost unnoticed, in the sterile interior of a government building—a poignant token of lost humanity. This, precisely, is Weiss’s abiding fear: that without the active labor of interpretation, without the human will to engage, even the greatest artistic achievements become mere decor, robbed of their subversive potential.

Witness and Memory: The Imaginative Faculty as Resistance

Some may, of course, recoil, finding The Aesthetics of Resistance too cerebral, too demanding, perhaps even too… Germanic, to resonate beyond the intellectual class. It’s a fair, if somewhat lazy, concern. And yet, as Timothy Snyder so chillingly reminds us in On Tyranny, fascism thrives precisely when the imagination is starved—when complexity gives way to cliché, when memory is replaced by manufactured myth.

Weiss’s project is a counteroffensive. His characters repeatedly ask, with desperate sincerity: “What does the Divina Commedia have to do with our lives?” In posing the question, they model the very activity the novel enacts—bridging distant beauty with present suffering. As Pollen notes, Weiss is not proposing simplistic analogies between then and now, but calling us to maintain the capacity for analogy—the capacity to perceive echoes and derive moral relevance from history, an imaginative act in itself.

Art, then, is not escapism. It is a form of mnemonic defense, a profound act of spiritual preservation. Horst Heilmann, a real historical figure and one of the novel’s central martyrs, declares: “All art… all literature are present inside ourselves, under the aegis of the only deity we can believe in—Mnemosyne”—Memory, mother of the Muses. Here Weiss evokes a stunning theological shift: divinity no longer lies in revelation, but in remembrance. Not in salvation, but in reckoning. Weiss shares this ethos with writers like W.G. Sebald and Toni Morrison, both of whom insisted that literature’s task is not to uplift, but to testify. In her Nobel lecture, Morrison described language as “the measure of our lives,” and warned that its decay is the first sign of cultural amnesia. Weiss anticipates this danger, and his novel becomes a fortress of form against forgetting.

Style as Weapon, Not Ornament

Perhaps the greatest gauntlet Weiss throws down, the element that still most sharply divides critics, is his distinctive style. The novel’s paragraphs can stretch for pages. There is no chapter division, no conventional dialogue, and barely a linear plot. But this excess is deliberate. As George Steiner observed in The New Yorker, Weiss “wanted his novel to resist readability as a form of moral laziness.” This is not to suggest the novel is obscure for its own sake, a mere affectation of difficulty. Rather, its very form embodies its thesis: the reader’s discomfort, the laborious trek through its unbroken syntax, becomes an echo of the characters’ own relentless, desperate struggle for meaning amidst chaos. Like Thomas Bernhard, whose relentless monologic fury shapes Correction and Extinction, Weiss denies literary comfort. Instead, he offers friction, density, and dissonance—qualities perfectly befitting a narrative of clandestine, underground resistance, where truth arrives not through effortless clarity but through sheer, unyielding persistence. In his study The Work of Literature, philosopher Peter Szondi described literature as a form that must “carry contradiction inside itself.” Weiss takes this principle further: contradiction is not a flaw but a crucial feature of truly resistant art. The reader’s discomfort, then, is the novel’s ethical demand.

Toward the Future: A Testament Against Forgetting

Weiss died in 1982, a year after completing his trilogy. In a rare interview that year with Der Spiegel, he confessed that his greatest fear was not censorship but irrelevance—that art would become mute in the face of spectacle. That fear feels chillingly prescient. As Western democracies flirt again with the seductive sirens of authoritarianism, and as history is re-scripted by those who profit from collective forgetting, The Aesthetics of Resistance emerges not merely as literature but as an instruction manual for endurance.

Its lessons are not limited to Germany or the 1930s. They resonate in Chile’s brutal reckoning with Pinochet, in the defiant murals of Belfast, in the urgent poetry of Mahmoud Darwish, and in the resolute chants of Tehran’s women today. Where brutality seeks silence, art insists on form—on surviving and shaping what was meant to be annihilated.

Weiss leaves us with a final, searing proposition: Imagination lives as long as resistance lives. And when resistance ends—when truth is reduced to slogan, when memory collapses into myth—then imagination, too, begins to die. But while a single reader still labors through his walls of text, still stands before the Pergamon frieze and refuses to see mere stone, Weiss’s profound vision endures. This is the essence of The Aesthetics of Resistance: not to comfort, but to compel. Not to promise victory, but to remind us that moral clarity comes not from slogans, but from study. And that to understand the past is not merely to remember—it is, in the most profound sense, to resist the future that forgets it.

THE NEW YORK TIMES MAGAZINE – JULY 13, 2025

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